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Papers & Journals
An Exploration of Counselling Identity in Counsellors who deal with Trauma
Author(s): Selwyn Black, B.Ed., M.Sc. & Peter Weinreich, Ph.D.
Journal: TRAUMATOLOGY Volume 6, Issue 1, Article 3, (2000)
Abstract
This research explored some of the ways in which counsellors construct their identity when, in the aftermath of a
traumatic event, they are exposed to the trauma of their clients. The research investigated the impact of counselling
traumatised victims and the possible resulting experience of 'vicarious traumatisation' on the sense of identity on
those counsellors using Identity Structure Analysis. Semi-structured informal interviews together with IDEX (Identity
Exploration for Windows, V3.0) were used to analyse the issues of the impact of vicarious traumatisation on respondents'
interpersonal relationships, the reverberation between previous traumatic experiences on current therapeutic practice,
and how the respondents' professional orientation with regard to belief and value systems was influenced upon exposure
to the trauma of their clients. The results show that vicarious traumatisation has a marked impact on both empathetic
and conflicted identifications, that previous traumatic experiences have both positive and negative influences on
current therapeutic practice, and that counsellors are likely to experience shifts in their belief and value systems
as a consequence of trauma's after-shocks. The results have implications for the caring professions, counsellors who
are involved in trauma work, and managers who have responsibility for the supervision and care of trauma counsellors.
'Counsellors' Experiences of Working with the Survivors of the Omagh Bomb.
Author(s): Selwyn Black, Peter Weinreich, Ph.D. & Pauline Irvine
Journal: Counselling 11(9), November (2000), pp.559-561
Abstract
An increasing body of research suggests that counsellors who work with traumatised clients are vulnerable to the
effects of vicarious traumatisation. Reports on a research project with a team of counsellors working with survivors
of the Omagh bomb.
Etics, Emics, Estonians and Russians in Contemporary Estonia: Is the Past still Dominating the Present?
Author(s): Aksel Kirch, Hanna-Hulda Reinkort and Tarmo Tuisk
Journal: IACCP Bremen Congress Symposium
Abstract
Given Estonia's EU membership in 2004 and their joining of the European single labour market and being within Schengen
treaty space, the assumption of the research was that historical context would hold reduced salience for the two main
ethnic groups of Estonia, giving way to perceptions, expressions and nuances of some more modern, common European
identity. Such assumptions are foregrounded by a number of social, economic and demographic shifts since joining the EU,
not least, the dramatic halving of Estonian youth unemployment to just 10&percent;.
In researching the inter-relationships between etics, emics, Estonians and Estonian Russians in Contemporary Estonia -
with particular interest in the contemporary orientation towards, and patterns of identification with, Estonia's past -
domains of interest included 'Estonians', 'Russians in Estonia', 'Russians in Russia' and 'Estonian Government'; while
themes embraced constructions of the past, including the Soviet Union's role in WW II. Findings suggest that recent events
on the streets of Tallinn (April 2007) appear to be related to the role of the Soviet Union in WW II, where its construction
as 'occupier' of Eastern Europe (as opposed to 'liberator') forms a 'core evaluative dimension of identity' for the Estonians,
alongside 'the Bronze Soldier' as having no symbolic salience or relation to the Estonian identity. Findings, such as Estonian
Russians expressing much stronger idealistic identification with 'Estonians' than with their own "titular" group, will be used
to further demonstrate ISA etic concepts that incorporate emic values and beliefs in contemporary Estonia.
Using identity structure analysis (ISA) to investigate female entrepreneurship
Author(s): Anita MacNabb, Jackie McCoy, Peter Weinreich & Mehroo Northover
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Volume 5, Issue 4 October (1993), pages 301-313
Abstract
The process of founding a business is for most people a period of transition entailing taking on a new role. Such a
transition will often result in a change of values and beliefs. For some women, values ascribed to the entrepreneur will
conflict with conventional feminine values. Previous researchers have classified women in accordance with their degree
of attachment to entrepreneurial values and conventionally defined masculine-feminine values (Goffee and Scase 1985,
Cromie and Hayes 1987), but to date there has been little attempt to examine the process of change in women's values and
beliefs as a result of business start-up. This paper reports on the first attempt to use Identity Structure Analysis
(Weinreich 1980/1986/1988) to investigate entrepreneurship: in this case, specifically female entrepreneurship.
A Future for English/Irish Bilingualism in Northern Ireland?
Author(s): Mehroo Northover & Stephen Donnelly
Journal: Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 17, No 1, (1996)
Abstract
While English continues to be the dominant language of government, business and education in the South of Ireland,
and is the only official language of Northern Ireland, there is a growing interest in the learning of Irish in the
North - primarily among Catholics, but also among some Protestants who have an ideological commitment to Irish language
and culture. Meeting these aspirations, the attitude of the government has become more sympathetic to the use of the
Irish language, most notably through funding some Irish-language primary schools, and 'legalizing' the display of
bilingual street-name signs. The BBC and UTV, too, have an active programming policy for Irish language broadcasts.
We argue that, despite attainment of these rights by the Irish-language lobby, there is no pressure or ground-swell
of demand to make Irish an official language in Northern Ireland because the sociolinguistic preconditions for
bilingualism do not exist. Moreover, recent research among Irish language learners describing themselves as 'Irish',
demonstrates that those who do not speak or learn Irish have no less a sense of having an Irish identity than do
fluent speakers or those learning Irish. Conditions for a limited increase in the popularity of Irish are then discussed.
Politicians, Ideological Messages, and Voters
Author(s): Mehroo Northover, Sandra Harris, Mary Duffy
Journal: Political Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 713-730
Abstract
While politicians play an important role in setting wide-ranging ideological parameters in society, these always
have to contend with the influence of personal experience on voters and the religious or ethnic groups to which
they belong. Using an Identity Structure Analysis (Weinreich 1980, 1983, 1989) approach, this research investigates
the processes by which individuals evaluate political ideologies, rated against the views of respected family members
and friends. The results are based on two groups of students from differing regions and cultural contexts (England
and Northern Ireland) and demonstrate the strength and influence of personal biography over the discourse of
politicians. Both the similarities and the significant differences in the various identifications of the two groups
are examined as these reflect the processes through which voters come to offer oppositional arguments to publicly
stated political ideologies. Methodological implications are also considered.
Ethnic Identity in Context: A Comparative Study of Catholicism and Nationalism in Northern and Southern Ireland
Author(s): Karyn Stapleton & Mehroo Northover
Journal: Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 20, No. 3, (1999)
Abstract
The Irish sense of identity has traditionally been linked to religious and nationalist issues. However, ethnicity
will acquire different forms and modes of expression, depending on the sociocultural context within which it is
situated. Thus the differences between the Northern and Southern Irish contexts are likely to impinge on the
prevailing sense of ethnic identity (e.g. Lee, 1989; Cochrane, 1994). Using an Identity Structure Analysis approach
(Weinreich, 1980/1986), the present study sets out to examine the effects of these differing contexts on the
identities of forty young 'Irish Catholics'. A comparison of two undergraduate social science classes (one from
Northern Ireland and one from Southern Ireland) explores the informal ideology of each group, as it has developed
within the prevailing sociocultural context. The study demonstrates the role of social, historical, political and
biographical factors in the construction of individual and group identity. In this way, it is possible to identify
salient and consistent variations between the two groups, arising from the sociocultural context within which each
is situated. Central to the researchare participants' emic perceptions of what it means to be Irish in contemporary
Northern and Southern Ireland.
Who am I? Identity as a theoretical and empirical object of research
Author(s): Maaret Wager
Journal: Psykologia 31/2 (91-97). Rauma ISSN 0355-1067 (1996)
Abstract
The article participates in the psychological and social psychological debate on how to approach the concept of
identity and identification processes both theoretically and empirically. The main features of Identity Structure
Analysis (ISA) developed by Weinreich (1980, 1983, 1986, 1989a) are introduced, and it is argued that the ISA
concepts add to the repertoire of analytic tools for investigating the content, structure and processes of identity.
IDEX(ipseus) is the computer software that operationlizes ISA.
Ethnic Identities and Indigenous Psychologies in Pluralist Societies
Author(s): Peter Weinreich
Journal: Psychology & Developing Societies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 73-92 (1991)
Abstract
Current theorising about the sociopsychological processes of ethnic identity development and redefinition in pluralist
societies is augmented by a framework of theoretical concepts, Identity Strudure Analysis, which places indigenous
psychologies at its focus and indicates that conflicts within people's ethnic identities and between ethnic groups are
generally to be expected. False expectations of engineering universal "harmony" represent an inadequate understanding of
the sociopsychological development of ethnic identity in pluralist societies. Instead, potentials for resolutions of
ethnic conflicts to tolerable levels need to be enhanced, while processes toward pathological ethnic conflict require
to be contained. Consideration is given to fundamental conceptual issues in explicating ethnic identity processes in
the socio-historical contexts of differing pluralist societies. Attention is directed to the necessity for the efficient
operationalisation of identity con cepts, using, for example, the accessible Identity Exploration computer software,
for rapid empirical investigations of the complexities of ethnic conflicts.
Empirical assessment of identity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Author(s): Peter Weinreich, James Doherty and Paul Harris
Journal: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 19, Issues 2-3, (1985), Pages 297-302
Abstract
Researchers have neglected the study of the self concept of individuals who develop anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
Towards rectifying this situation, Identity Structure Analysis (ISA) is introduced as an appropriate framework
allowing the specification and empirical testing of postulates regarding disturbed identity development in anorexic
disorders. The data presented distinguish a common constellation of identity characteristics in those suffering from
anorexia and bulimia nervosa that differentiate them from normal and psychiatric control groups. Their identity pattern
tends to be anti-developmental and in a state of 'identity crisis', in which identification conflicts with the maternal
metaperspective of self (me as my mother sees me) are especially significant. Further analysis suggest that anorexics
are in a phase of 'plummeting' identity crisis, whilst the patients in the sample with bulimia nervosa are in a
'sustained' phase. Future directions for research are noted.
Ethnic Stereotyping and Identification in a Multicultural Context: "Acculturation", Self-esteem and Identity Diffusion in Hong Kong Chinese University Students
Author(s): Peter Weinreich, Chung Leung Luk & Michael Harris Bond
Journal: Psychology & Developing Societies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 107-169 (1996)
Abstract
Ethnic identity and "acculturation" in a multicultural context were investigated in terms of the relationship between
people's intergenerational identification and their varying degrees of identification with stereotyped alternative
ethnic groupings, and the consequences for their self-esteem and identity diffusion. The conceptual frame work of
Identity Structure Analysis (Weinreich, 1989a) is outlined and used to formulate hypotheses concerning the relationship
of patterns of identification with self-esteem and identity diffusion. A group of 156 Hong Kong Chinese university
students responded to an identity instrument using constructs suitable for the Chinese perception of personality
characteristics. Results demonstrated that a greater degree of (a) identification with the mainstream Hong Kong Chinese
was correlated with continuity of parental and peer identification, where greater emphasis was on peers, and with
self-esteem; (b) identification with the modern Oriental peoples was also correlated with continuity of intergenerational
identification, but with a greater emphasis on parents, and with identity diffusion; (c) identification with the
traditional Chinese was correlated solely with identification with the parental generation and with identity diffusion;
(d) identification with the Western world was correlated solely with the peer generation and with self-esteem; and
(e) identification with the developing peoples was correlated with identity diffusion and inversely correlated with
self-esteem. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
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